Anti‐Tumor‐Initiating Effects of Spiro‐biflavonoids from Abies sachalinensis

Cancer chemoprevention, the prevention of cancer by ingestion of chemical agents that reduce the risk of carcinogenesis, is one of the potent ways to reduce morbidity and mortality. We have been searching for cancer chemopreventive agents from the leaves and barks of coniferous trees that have been treated as waste in the forestry industry. We have previously reported the isolation of spiro‐biflavonoids, named as abiesinols, and a neolignan from the MeOH extract of the bark of Abies sachalinensis. These compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects on the activation of (±)‐(E)‐methyl‐2‐[(E)‐hydroxyimino]‐5‐nitro‐6‐methoxyhex‐3‐enamide (NOR 1), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, as a primary screening test for anti‐tumor initiators. All compounds tested exhibited potent inhibitory effects on NOR 1 activation. Furthermore, abiesinol A, bearing a spiro‐biflavonoid skeleton, showed remarkable anti‐tumor‐initiating activity in the in vivo two‐stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test using peroxynitrite (ONOO^?; PN) as the initiator and 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) as the promoter.     

HPLC法测定红景天居群中红景天苷的分布式样

本文以HPLC法作为测定红景天苷的方法,调查红景天苷在红景天不同种、不同居群中的分布式样。实验中采集不同种、同种不同居群、同居群不同个体的红景天样品,进行红景天苷的含量测定。结果表明红景天苷在不同红景天中分布差异较大,同种不同居群间多型性、居群内及个体间多态性显著。HPLC比法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,适用于研究红景天苷在药用红景天居群中的分布。     

不同中药复方及不同提取方法提取液对小鼠耐缺氧作用的影响*

目的: 探讨不同中药处方组成及其不同提取方法的复方提取物对小鼠耐缺氧能力的影响,以优选其处方组成和制备提取方法。方法: 将雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分成6组:空白对照组、复方丹参组、复方红景天醇-水提取组(红景天、黄芪、黄精、枸杞子)、复方红景天水提取组、复方黄芪醇-水提取组(黄芪、黄精、枸杞子)、复方黄芪水提取组,每组30只,每组小鼠连续灌胃给药10 d,空白组灌胃灭菌注射用水,复方丹参组0.15 g/kg,复方红景天醇-水提取组和水提取组3 g/kg,复方黄芪醇-水提取组和水提取组1.7 g/kg。各组于末次灌胃1 h后进行常压耐缺氧实验、亚硝酸钠中毒存活实验和急性脑缺血缺氧实验,并测定小鼠脑组织氧化应激相关抗氧化物酶活性和代谢物含量。结果: 与空白对照组相比,复方丹参组、复方黄芪醇-水提取组和水提取组常压耐缺氧存活时间均显著延长(P＜0.01),脑缺血缺氧后张口喘气次数均显著增加(P＜0.05)。各组注射亚硝酸钠后存活时间没有统计学差异。与空白对照组相比,复方黄芪水提取组T-AOC、SOD、GSH和CAT活性均显著升高(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),MDA含量均显著降低(P＜0.01),与复方丹参组相比,复方黄芪水提取组SOD、CAT、GSH活性均显著升高(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),MDA含量显著降低(P＜0.05)。结论: 复方黄芪水提取组的耐缺氧效果最好,原复方红景天全方可以剔除红景天由黄芪、黄精、枸杞子组成,其提取方法为水提。     

Two species of the Rhodiola yunnanensis species complex distributed around the Sichuan Basin of China: Speciation in a ring?

A ring species consists of two reproductively isolated forms connected by a chain of intergrading populations encircling a geographic barrier. The mountains encircling the Sichuan Basin in southwestern China harbor great species diversity and endemism, and they are candidate regions for ring species. Here, we examined a potential ring species complex with a ring distribution surrounding the Sichuan Basinand the reproductive barrier between sibling species Rhodiola yunnanensis and R. henryi of the R. yunnanensis complex. In this study, we test the hypothesis that R. yunnanensis and R. henryi diverged by the ring-species model using an amplicon sequencing strategy targeting the introns of 27 single-copy nuclear genes and 14 chloroplast DNA sequences. Our studies indicated that the R. yunnanensis complex is monophyletic, originates at the late Miocene, and forms its current ring distribution pattern after the LIG. In addition, clear genetic intergradation was not found among R. henryi populations within the distribution ring. All these findings suggest that the divergence of two sibling species was not driven by the geographic isolation, and they were not originated from the ring-species model; however, the basin-surrounding distribution pattern and reproductive barrier between them meet some criteria for being a ring species.     

Microsatellite markers for Sachalin fir (Abies sachalinensis Masters)

We developed eight polymorphic microsatellite markers from the Sachalin fir (Abies sachalinensis Masters). The number of alleles per locus ranged from eight to 31, with an average of 21.4. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.656 to 0.937 and from 0.710 to 0.945, respectively. These markers will be available for population genetic studies and parentage analysis.     

丽江产红景天的化学成分研究

从丽江产红景天粗提物中分离得到了14个化合物,经波谱数据分别鉴定为二十六烷醇(1-hexamsanol,1),β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,2),胡萝卜苷(daucostexol,3),酪醇(tyrosol,4),红景天苷(salidroside,5),没食子酸(galic acid,6),山奈酚(kaempferol,7),草质素-7-O-(3″-β-D-葡萄糖基)-α-L-鼠李糖苷(rhodiosin,8),德钦红景天苷(rhodionin,9),对羟基苯甲酸(4-hydroxybenzoic acid,10),geranyl 1-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(11),2,7-anhydro-β-D-heptul-opyranoses(the altro isomer,12),乙酸二十六烷醇酯(cerotylacetate,13),1,2,3,4,6-五没食子酰基-β-D-喃葡萄糖(1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-β-D-glucopyranose,14)。根据分离所得的单体,用HPLC对商业化粗提物色谱中的8个峰进行了指认,并测定了云南千山生物工程有限公司利用不同工艺流程所得四批粗提物中红景天苷的含量。     

高寒植物长鞭红景天种群结构及数量特征

种群结构及数量特征的研究对揭示种群的形成机制和影响因素有着重要意义。在西藏林芝高山森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站所在的西藏色季拉山区,采用样地-样方法对研究站旁阳坡、大阴坡、观景台和山口公路上方的长鞭红景天种群进行了调查,共设76块样地、304个样方,进而对长鞭红景天种群结构及数量特征进行了分析研究。结果表明：长鞭红景天在色季拉山主要分布于6个群落类型：急尖长苞冷杉林（P1）、方枝柏林（P2）、薄毛海绵杜鹃灌丛（P3）、毛小叶垫柳灌丛（P4）、鳞腺杜鹃灌丛（P5）及硬叶柳灌丛（P6）。各群落中长鞭红景天平均密度大小顺序为：P3＞P1＞P2＞P4＞P6＞P5、平均基径为：P6＞P2＞P5＞P4＞P1＞P3、平均高度为：P6＞P2＞P5＞P1＞P3＞P4、平均花茎数为：P6＞P2＞P1＞P3＞P5＞P4、平均花茎环数为：P6＞P5＞P2＞P1＞P3＞P4、平均分枝数为：P6＞P1＞P3＞P2＞P4＞P5、重要值为：P5＞P4＞P3＞P2＞P1＞P6。不同群落类型中,长鞭红景天种群的基径、高度及花茎环数等结构系列均表现出不同程度的残缺现象,总体上也出现幼体数目少、成体和老体数目相对较多,但由于其种子繁殖存在一定周期性,并且在自然状态下也进行着无性繁殖,故其仍是增长型种群。对花茎环数的分析发现,长鞭红景天种群大量繁殖的周期是8~10年。长鞭红景天分枝数在5~8枝的植株数比例超过了50 %,分枝数最多的高达45枝,但这些分枝由于相互争夺从根吸收上来的有限营养的原因而生长相对较细。各枝花茎数情况方面,花茎数为1~2枝的所占比例为32.21%,这些主要是侧枝上的花茎;花茎数在7以上的植株占25.82 %,这主要是主轴上的花茎;总体上主轴上着生花茎多于侧枝上的花茎。基径与生长参数关系方面：长鞭红景天的生长参数都是随基径级增大而总体呈现出增大的趋势。研究结果可为进一步探讨长鞭红景天种群生存机制提供基础。     

高山红景天解剖学研究

高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis A.Bor.)根、茎、叶中均有发达的通气组织, 根中的通气组织是维管射线细胞破裂形成的。根中任何薄壁组织细胞中均含有固体蛋白质。茎中维管束环外有糊粉层。叶肉细胞中的固体蛋白质多数存在于叶脉周围。植物体内丰富的蛋白质构成了其较强抗冻能力的物质基础。根中木栓十分发达。     

超临界CO2萃取红景天中红景天苷、苷元酪醇的研究

采用超临界CO₂ 萃取法和乙醇常温浸提法相比较, 研究从红景天中提取红景天苷、苷元酪醇的工艺条件, 结论是:采用超临界CO₂ 萃取法能萃取出红景天生药中红景天苷的1.2%, 提取率不高, 但该方法能萃取出80%的苷元酪醇, 萃取液中苷元酪醇的相对含量可达45.68%;乙醇常温浸提法能将红景天苷、苷元酪醇同时有效萃取, 且得率较高, 但是萃取液中两物质相对含量较低, 进一步分离纯化将有难度。本研究结果表明, 将超临界CO₂ 萃取法和乙醇常温浸提法有效结合, 可实现两物质的有效分离, 推进红景天有效成分的产业化进程。     

温室栽培光强和光质对高山红景天生物量和红景天甙含量的影响

为探讨光强及光质对高山红景天(Rhodiola sachalinensis)生物量和红景天甙含量的影响。于2000年4月至6月在东北林业大学温室内以移栽于大兴安岭加格达奇圃地人工种植生长3a的高山红景天为材料,通过纱布遮荫及遮以不同颜色的滤光膜分别进行了光强、光质控制实验(处理45d)。随着光强的降低,高山红景天全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量以及叶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素的含量均有降低的趋势,但叶绿素含量变化很小,不同光强及对照之间的差异均未达到显著水平。相对光强为67．75％和44．71％的两种处理下的全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量差异不显著,它们的全株生物量和红景天甙含量与对照(全光照)的差异也不显著,但根生物量和红景天甙产量与对照的差异显著。当相对光强减弱至31．96％,全株生物量、根生物量、根的红景天甙含量和产量均大幅度下降,根冠比显著增加。4种滤光膜处理均使高山红景天的全株生物量及根生物量显著降低,蓝膜和绿膜处理的降低幅度大于红膜和黄膜处理的。红膜处理的红景天甙的含量和产量均高于对照,但黄膜、蓝膜和绿膜处理的红景天甙含量和产量则低于对照。通过计算去除4种滤光膜的光强因素,仅从光质的作用看。4种滤光膜处理仍是减小了全株生物量和根生物量,红膜和绿膜处理提高了红景天甙的含量和产量,而黄膜处理降低了红景天甙的含量和产量,蓝膜处理几乎没有效果。4种滤光膜处理均使叶绿素含量增加,但只有蓝膜处理的与对照差异显著。红膜处理不仅显著提高根中红景天甙的含量(为对照的3．42倍),而且对根生物量的影响较小(为对照的90．24％)。因而提高了高山红景天根的红景天甙产量,这意味着在生产上可能会有一定的实践意义。